Distrofia muscolare di Becker: cosa sappiamo su questa degenerazione

Redazione:

La distrofia muscolare di Becker è una particolare forma di distrofia muscolare che coinvolge principalmente i muscoli di gambe e bacino. Detta anche Distrofinopatia di Becker, si tratta di una patologia neuromuscolare che, come suggerisce la definizione, è caratterizzata da una degenerazione delle fibre muscolari. È stata descritta per la prima volta nel 1955 dal medico tedesco Peter Emil Becker a cui si deve il nome.

Quali sono le cause della distrofia muscolare di Becker?

La distrofia di Duchenne e Becker sono molto simili tra loro, ma si differenziano solo nella prognosi perché quella di Becker è migliore ed è caratterizzata da un’evoluzione più lenta. Entrambe sono causate da un deficit di distrofina, una proteina fondamentale a livello muscolare: mentre nella Distrofia di Duchenne si ha un’assenza totale della proteina, nella forma di Becker è presente anche se in quantità sensibilmente ridotte.

La Distrofia muscolare di Becker è una patologia ereditaria che si verifica in circa un maschio su 20 mila, mentre le donne raramente ne sviluppano i sintomi. Ma perché le donne non svilupperebbero la malattia? Perché la Distrofia di Becker (così come la Duchenne) è determinata da alterazioni di un gene localizzato nel cromosoma x che contiene le informazioni per la produzione della distrofina.

Dato che i maschi, a differenza delle femmine, possiedono una sola copia del cromosoma x, non hanno la possibilità di compensare un eventuale deficit con una copia del cromosoma funzionante.
Tuttavia, le madri di una quota di pazienti affetti da Distrofia muscolare di Becker risultano non portatrici, il che indica la possibilità che nel paziente si sia sviluppata una mutazione ex novo.

Quali sono le altre forme di distrofia muscolare?

Di seguito, puoi trovare i dettagli sulle altre tipologie di distrofie muscolari:

che cos'è la distrofia di becker

Elenco sintomi della distrofia muscolare di Becker

Generalmente i sintomi compaiono nei bambini a circa dodici anni, ma possono iniziare più tardi e possono includere:

  • disturbi cognitivi (che non peggiorano nel tempo);
  • stanchezza;
  • perdita di equilibrio e coordinamento;
  • debolezza muscolare nelle braccia, collo e in altri settori;
  • debolezza muscolare delle gambe e del bacino che lentamente peggiora provocando difficoltà a camminare;
  • frequenti cadute che peggiorano con l’età;
  • difficoltà a compiere movimenti con le gambe a causa della perdita di massa muscolare;
  • problemi di respirazione.

La diagnosi della distrofia di Becker

Alla base del processo diagnostico vi sono, a seguito di un’approfondita anamnesi medica utile anche per effettuare un’accurata diagnosi differenziale, l’esame del sistema nervoso e muscolare. All’analisi medica potranno riscontrarsi, in aggiunta alla sintomatologia sopra esposta:

  • ossa non sviluppate normalmente con conseguente deformità del petto (alterazione permanente della forma del corpo o di una sua parte) e della schiena (scoliosi);
  • funzionalità alterata del muscolo cardiaco (cardiomiopatia);
  • insufficienza cardiaca congestizia.

Possono evidenziarsi inoltre alterazioni del battito cardiaco (aritmie). I test includono:

  • dosaggio della creatinfosfochinasi (cpk) nel sangue;
  • elettromiografia;
  • biopsia muscolare o test genetico per aiutare ad identificare se c’è una mutazione in un particolare gene o cromosoma.
diagnosi della distrofia muscolare di becker

Esistono cure per la distrofia muscolare di Becker?

A oggi, purtroppo, non esiste ancora una cura per la distrofia muscolare di Becker. I trattamenti terapeutici disponibili cercano piuttosto di controllare i sintomi per ottimizzare la qualità della vita. Alcuni medici prescrivono steroidi (gruppo di composti organici naturali o di sintesi) per aiutare a mantenere la funzionalità delle gambe il più a lungo possibile.

L’attività fisica è incoraggiata: infatti l’inattività può peggiorare la malattia muscolare.
Apparecchi ortopedici come i tutori (che immobilizzano o limitano il movimento delle articolazioni) o la sedie a rotelle possono migliorare la mobilità e la cura di sé.

La consulenza genetica può essere consigliabile ed inoltre è possibile ridurre la pressione della malattia unendosi ad un gruppo di sostegno in cui i membri condividono esperienze e problemi comuni.

Leggi anche: Riabilitazione intensiva e distrofia: il diario di Riccarda

Quali sono le aspettative di vita di persone con distrofia muscolare di Becker?

In questa forma di distrofia, la morte può verificarsi intorno ai cinquanta o sessanta anni, ma alcune persone possono vivere più a lungo. Tra le complicanze possibili vi sono:

  • cardiomiopatie;
  • polmonite ed altre infezioni respiratorie;
  • insufficienza respiratoria.
aspettative di vita della distrofia muscolare di becker

Centri specializzati e le associazioni a cui puoi rivolgerti

Di seguito, i centri specializzati:

Qui, invece, le associazioni:

Riccarda Ambrosi
Volto storico di Abilitychannel è autrice di articoli scientifici sulle patologie neurodegenerative e neuromuscolari, di articoli sui problemi dell'accessibilità e sugli sport paralimpici. Segue la Nazionale Calcio Amputati nel settore di avviamento al calcio per i bambini amputati o con difficoltà motorie. E' Consigliere di Anchio, Onlus di Milano che favorisce l'inclusione al contrario di bambini disabili verso bambini normodotati. E' Presidente dell'Associazione "Tutti in acqua Onlus", creata a Iseo per promuovere lo sport e l'integrazione tra le persone con difficoltà motorie e relazionali e le persone normodotate, scopo sociale che favorisce anche il turismo accessibile e la gestione di eventi dedicati. Per la Fispes, Federazione Italiana Sport Paralimpici e Sperimentali del Comitato Italiano Paralimpico, è Referente Scuola per i rapporti con le famiglie per l'Academy Calcio di bambini amputati e cerebrolesi. Membro della Commissione Paralimpica della Federazione Italiana Bocce, che si occupa di atleti normodotati e di atleti paralimpici e con difficoltà motorie e cognitive.

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