Atrofia corticale posteriore: quali sono i sintomi e come si cura

Redazione:

L’atrofia corticale posteriore (PCA), detta anche Sindrome di Benson, è una forma di demenza che la scienza considera come una variante atipica dell’Alzheimer (AD). Questa malattia causa l’atrofia della parte posteriore della corteccia cerebrale e una conseguente e progressiva interruzione della capacità di elaborazione visiva.

In alcuni casi l’atrofia corticale posteriore può essere causata anche da altre malattie come la demenza a Corpi di Lewy e la malattia di Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Questa patologia colpisce di solito le persone fra i 55 e 65 anni (in anticipo rispetto al Morbo di Alzheimer).

Sintomi dell’atrofia corticale

Il sintomo principale dell’atrofia corticale è la diminuzione delle capacità visuo-spaziali e visuo-percettive. Le funzioni visive sono connesse infatti alla sede del lobo occipitale, la regione posteriore del cervello. L’atrofia è progressiva e inarrestabile: si inizia con la difficoltà di lettura, visione offuscata e difficoltosa, fotosensibilità e incapacità nella percezione della distanza e della profondità.

La perdita della vista e delle abilità connesse è inesorabile e continua con l’aprassia (disturbo della pianificazione del movimento), l’alessìa (una capacità ridotta di leggere) e l’agnosia visiva (incapacità nel riconoscere gli oggetti). La degenerazione della patologia porta a non riconoscere le persone e gli oggetti familiari e di conseguenza diventa un problema durante lo spostamento in luoghi familiari.

Il declino visivo, col passare degli anni, ha ripercussioni negative su lettura, scrittura e ortografia. Se la morte neuronale si diffonde in altre parti del cervello, possono sorgere sintomi molto simili all’Alzheimer, come la perdita di memoria. Il decorso della malattia inoltre può portare a movimenti, scatti, convulsioni, ansia e depressione.

Leggi anche: Differenza tra Alzheimer e demenza senile

atrofia corticale posteriore diagnosi
By twenty20photos da Envato Elements

Cause e diagnosi dell’atrofia corticale

Le cause dell’atrofia corticale non sono conosciute e non esistono criteri o parametri precisi in grado di diagnosticarla in modo definitivo. Questo accade perché i sintomi compaiono in maniera graduale nei pazienti e nella maggior parte dei casi non si riesce a fare una diagnosi tempestiva. In prima battuta infatti, i pazienti ricevono una diagnosi erronea di ansia e depressione e vengono mandati dal medico per una visita oculistica. 

La diagnosi sbagliata porta inevitabilmente a perdere tempo e a non risolvere il problema alla radice. Una volta accertato che non sono problemi di vista, il medico inizierà la prescrizione di esami neuropsicologici come il neuroimaging, la risonanza magnetica, la tomografia computerizzata ad emissione di singolo fotone e la tomografia ad emissione di positroni. Il primo segnale visivo dell’atrofia corticale è la perdita della materia grigia (insiemi di corpi cellulari neuronali) nelle cortecce posteriore e occipitale temporale nell’emisfero destro.

Come si cura l’atrofia corticale

Ad oggi non esiste ancora un trattamento scientifico accettato e condiviso per l’atrofia, che vengono curati in modo specifico in base all’insorgenza dei sintomi. In generale, i medici prescrivono gli stessi farmaci previsti per l’Alzheimer ovvero inibitori della colinesterasi, la memantina, il donepezil, la rivastigmina e la galantamina. In alcuni casi, i medici possono associare anche farmaci antidepressivi che si è appurato abbiano risvolti positivi sullo stato di salute dei pazienti. Prima dell’assunzione, è doveroso consultare un medico o uno specialista.

Leggi anche: L’incidenza dell’Alzheimer nelle donne: ecco i volti più noti

come si cura atrofia corticale posteriore
By Image-Source da Envato Elements

Come si vive con atrofia corticale

Per curare i pazienti affetti da atrofia corticale, non esistono solo i trattamenti farmacologici ma anche quelli psicologici. Terapeuti professionali e altre figure sanitarie possono aiutare il paziente a convivere con i sintomi della PCA, in particolar modo per i cambiamenti visivi.

A differenza dell’Alzheimer, l’atrofia corticale colpisce la memoria di lavoro e non quella del ricordo. Col tempo, però l’atrofia nei pazienti di PCA può diffondersi nelle stesse regioni dell’Alzheimer e può portare a deficit della memoria, del linguaggio, dell’apprendimento e della cognizione. La PCA inoltre può anche essere connessa con patologie come la sindrome di Bálint e la sindrome di Gerstmann.

Angelo Dino Surano
Giornalista, addetto stampa e web copywriter con una passione particolare per le storie di successo. Esperto in scrittura vincente e comunicazione digitale, è innamorato della parola e delle sue innumerevoli sfaccettature dal 1983. La vita gli ha messo davanti sfide titaniche e lui ha risposto con le sue armi più potenti: resilienza e spirito di abnegazione. Secondo la sua forma mentis, il contenuto migliore è quello che deve ancora scrivere.

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